Embedded Systems
Embedded systems are combinations of hardware and software configured to carry out specialized operations. They often include a processor, memory, and input/output interfaces, all tightly integrated into the device. These systems are “embedded” into the devices they control, such as industrial machines, automobiles, home appliances, and consumer electronics. Many embedded systems run on real-time operating systems (RTOS) to meet strict timing requirements.
Embedded C Programming and Bitwise Operations
- Master bitwise operators, data masking, and flag handling.
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Implement embedded loops, arrays, and conditionals.
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Learn memory addressing and pointer concepts.
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Structure code using modular functions.
RTOS Concepts Using Free RTOS
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Create and manage multiple tasks with different priorities.
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Implement semaphores and mutexes for resource sharing.
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Use queues for inter-task communication.
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Analyze context switching and scheduling behavior.
Interrupt Handling (Software Simulation)
- Simulate Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) in C.
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Design a priority-based interrupt system.
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Understand vector table concepts.
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Practice enabling/disabling interrupts in code.
UART Communication
- Simulate UART send/receive functionality in C.
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Build a basic communication protocol parser.
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Implement buffering using circular queues.
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Add checksum validation for error detection.
I2C/SPI Protocol Implementation
- Write mock functions to simulate master-slave interaction.
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Understand bus arbitration and data framing.
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Practice writing low-level bit-banging routines.
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Debug communication issues using logs and state tracking.
Custom Protocol Design and Parser
- Define packet structure (header, payload, checksum).
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Implement byte-by-byte parsing logic.
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Add CRC/checksum for integrity.
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Validate through simulated data streams.
Finite State Machine
- Design FSM logic using enums or structs.
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Apply FSM to real-world problems (e.g., vending machine).
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Manage state transitions and outputs cleanly.
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Isolate logic for scalability and testing.
Memory Management
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Practice static and dynamic memory allocation.
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Analyze stack and heap usage patterns.
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Implement your own
malloc/freefor learning. -
Detect memory leaks and buffer overflows.
Stack Monitoring
- Understand stack structure and growth direction.
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Estimate stack size based on function depth and local variables.
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Use stack guard patterns for overflow detection.
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Monitor stack usage using software tools or runtime APIs.
Embedded Software Unit Testing
- Use Unity/Ceedling frameworks for testing C code.
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Write test cases for logic-heavy embedded functions.
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Apply mocks/stubs for hardware interaction.
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Measure code coverage and test completeness.
Device Driver Abstraction Layer
- Create mock GPIO, UART, and Timer drivers in C.
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Separate hardware-specific code using HAL.
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Follow a layered architecture approach.
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Practice portability across target platforms.
Watchdog Timer Implementation
- Understand the role of watchdog timers in embedded reliability.
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Simulate watchdog behavior using timers in C.
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Implement periodic “kick” or “refresh” logic.
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Simulate system reset if the timer is not refreshed in time.
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